Introduction
Geographic information (GI) is the information derived
from facts about geographic features and phenomenon in the vicinity of the
earth’s surface (M. Goodchild et al. 1998). Geographic
information science (GIScience) has been defined as a basic research field whose
aim is to define (or redefine) geographic concepts in the context of geographic
information systems (Mark 2003).
There have been three main motivations to the
development of the field of GIScience (M. Goodchild et al. 1998), these are i)
Scientific motivation which promotes the development of GIScience as a field to
facilitate discovery of geographic truths in areas where they have not been
found, to contribute to conceptualization, tools and methods with which geographic
phenomena can be handled and to contribute to the general infrastructure of
science given that different disciplines have the earth’s surface as their area
of domain. ii) Technological motivation which has directly and indirectly
influenced GIScience to take advantage of the development of technology in
ensuring logical and consistent representation of GI. ii) Societal motivation
to formalize human spatial thinking capabilities into geographic knowledge and
to address the impact of GI technology in societal issues including democracy
and privacy.
Development
of the field
While writing a motivation to advocate for a centre to
be funded by the National Science Foundation (Abler 1987) suggested
potential areas of research for a Nation Centre for Geographic Information
Analysis. Goodchild refined and expanded the topics and coined the term
“geographic information science” (M. F. Goodchild 1992). With the
formation of University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS),
more inclusive and formal definition and periodical research priorities were formed
and (Mark 2003) reviewed
different literature and came up with a comprehensive definition of the field.
Components
of GIScience
In most of the discussions about the research topics
to include in GIScience, three critical areas have emerged around which such
topics evolve, these are; people, society and computer (technology). The
critical questions have been: a) how do people conceptualize about their
geographic environments? b) What societal factors influence (or hinder) the
adoption of GI technology and how does such technology impact on the society?
c) How can we take advantage to formalize conceptualization about geographic
phenomena and improve functionality of GI tools for GI analysis and
representation?(M. F. Goodchild 2010). With these
questions, GIScience research has been formulated to answer scientific questions
in different subtopics including: spatial cognition, user interface design,
public participation GIS, spatial uncertainty, spatial analysis, privacy,
spatial data infrastructure, algorithm and data modelling among others.
At the same time clear criteria have been formulated
to draw the limits of GIScience research, these include ; that such research
should be in areas of GI that have not yet been discovered; that the research
should be generic and not limited to the context of enquiry ; that the nature
of the research should be hard enough and should be recognized as such by
scientists in other disciplines (M. F. Goodchild 2010).
Laws
of GIScience
In the development of the discipline, a number of laws
have emerged (or have become clearer), these include i) Tobler’s First Law of geography
which has now found a home in GIScience with many applications including
spatial autocorrelation, interpolation, resampling, contour mapping among
others. ii) The principle of spatial heterogeneity which implies that due to
the structural difference of locations, the results of any spatial analysis
depends on the bounds under consideration. iii) Fractal principle which implies
that geographic phenomena reveal additional information the closer one looks at
it. iv) The principle of spatial uncertainty which acknowledges that geographic
world is complex and every representation of (abstraction from) geographic
phenomena contains an uncertainty (Anselin 1989)
Impacts of GIScience discipline
GIScience has made significant inroads in the world of
science through the variety of high impact publications that have been cited in
different scientific disciplines. This has mainly been through the emergence
and renaming of journals to publish scientific articles in the discipline of
GIScience. Additionally high impact annual and periodical conferences have been
organized where GIScience researchers get an opportunity to share their
findings with scientists from other disciplines. Figure 1 shows the annual
variation in number of articles in the field of GIScience as searched from
Thompson Reuters Web of Knowledge. The different search terms used were
“Geographical Information Science”, “Geographic Information Science” and
“GIScience”
 |
| Figure 1: Articles in the field of GIScience as searched from Thompson Reuters Web of Knowledge |
In figure 2, the annual variation (from 1992 to
2011) of the number of publications and citations of articles searched with the
keywords “Geographic Information Science” on Microsoft academic search website
are presented
 |
| Figure 2: Annual variations of publications and citations of GIScience related articles according to Microsoft Academic Research tool |
The other evident impacts that have emerged from
GIScience have been the formal institutional frameworks to coordinate and
formalize national, regional and continental research and education in
GIScience. Such efforts include UCGIS, AGILE and UNIGIS. In the same breadth a
number of post graduate course are offered throughout the world in GIScience
and related fields.
Finally, because of research in GIScience, GI and GI
technology have become very significant in a number of areas of application
including policy making and governance, medical research, disaster management,
urban and regional planning, climate change prediction and mitigation, agriculture,
forest management, mining and exploration among many other applications.
Conclusion
In the short period of the existence of GIScience as a
field, it has made significant progress and continues to develop into a fully
fledged scientific discipline. This progress has been made possible by the
clarity in definition of the field and the domain of operation of the field. As
a result, different laws or principles have emerged which continue informing
decisions that have to do with geographic phenomena. Additional, there are now
institutional frameworks that will further enhance the structural development
of the discipline. Similarly the proliferation of scientific journals to
document research findings has created a demand for GI knowledge that can only
be satisfied by proper research in GIScience. This coupled with emerging study
curricula in GIScience throughout the world and broad areas of application will
forever cement the position of GIScience as a scientific discipline.
The presentation that was made on this topic is embedded herein:
The full paper can be found in the link below:
References
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Science Foundation National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis. International
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about spatial data?: alternative perspectives on spatial data analysis. In Spring
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Geography, Syracuse University. Santa Barbara, CA: National Center for
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Goodchild, M., Egenhofer, M. &
Kemp, K., 1998. Whither Geographic Information Science? The Varenius Project A
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Information Science :
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